The achievements of the Chinese nation depend on the labor of its constituent ethnic groups, yet the relationship between productive practice, material exchange, and the spirit of labor requires clearer sociological explanation. This article examines how labor contributes to the formation and development of the Chinese nation through an ethnological and sociological perspective. It adopts a literature-based conceptual approach, drawing on selected academic publications and official documents published between 2017 and 2026. The analysis distinguishes the production of material conditions, the development of economic interdependence, the expansion of social relations, and the recognition of shared contributions. It argues that labor sustains collective life and cultural transmission, while exchanges of labor products connect differentiated livelihoods and create opportunities for enduring cooperation. These economic connections can promote interactions, exchanges, and integration among ethnic groups when supported by equitable participation, public institutions, and mutual recognition. The spirit of labor is examined through the established formulation of respecting labor, loving labor, working diligently, and working honestly, rather than through an assumed timeless ethnic character. The article concludes that understanding the Chinese nation's achievements requires attention to both the collective creation of material and cultural wealth and the social processes through which such contributions become mutually recognized.